How to Prove Liability in Birth Injury Cases

Use these links to jump to different sections:

• What’s the Difference Between Birth Injuries and Birth Defects?
• Common Types of Birth Injuries
• What Are the Elements of a Birth Injury Claim?
• What Are the Elements of a Birth Defect Claim?  
• What Type of Evidence is Used in Birth Injury Cases?
• Who Can Sue for a Child’s Birth Injuries?

Birth injury lawsuits are a type of medical malpractice that arise when medical professionals fail to use a reasonable level of care in the delivery process, resulting in injuries to the child or mother.  

Birth injuries can result in serious and lifelong impairments to the child. If you are a parent or guardian considering legal action, consider speaking with an experienced birth injury attorney about your situation as soon as possible. 

This article will explain what’s typically involved in a birth injury claim and how to seek further legal help. 

What’s the Difference Between Birth Injuries and Birth Defects? 

One question to address early on as you consider legal action is whether your child suffered a birth injury or a birth defect.  

Michigan birth injury lawyer Emily Grace Thomas says “a birth defect is something that occurs in utero… things that are congenital or genetic anomalies.”  

“Something like thalidomide is a good example [of a birth defect],” she says. “[This] was a medication that a lot of women were taking during their pregnancy in the 1950s, not knowing that it would cause their babies to have malformations in utero.” 

A birth injury, on the other hand, “means you had a perfectly healthy child, but because of a medical mistake, [the baby or mother] has a serious health condition,” she says.  

Common Types of Birth Injuries 

There are many kinds of birth injuries. Some injuries may heal given time and medical attention, leaving minimal or no long-term impact. Other injuries, however, can result in long-term or lifelong impairments. Birth injuries include: 

• Skull or collarbone fractures resulting from the improper use of forceps 
• Bleeding in the brain (called intracranial hemorrhaging) due to impact 
• Cerebral palsy resulting from brain injury or lack of oxygen to the baby’s brain during delivery 
• Erb’s palsy resulting from injury to the baby’s brachial plexus (the network of nerves connecting the brain to shoulders, arms, and hands) 
• Injuries to the mother or baby resulting from failure to perform a C-section when needed or performing a C-section unnecessarily.  
• Injuries resulting from fetal distress 

The most common birth injury “is a lack of oxygen to the brain. This can take place in many ways, but the most common type is hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy or HIE for short,” says Thomas.  

HIE “happens when there’s a lack of oxygen at or near the time of childbirth, and can happen for many reasons,” says Thomas. “For example, contractions during labor can deprive the baby of a lot of oxygen. Babies are very tolerant of being oxygen-deprived, but they only have so much [oxygen] reserves to compensate for the stress of labor and delivery.”  

“If [the baby] is too stressed by too many contractions, that can cause a lack of oxygen resulting in injury to the brain.” Various studies show that babies can generally withstand brief periods of oxygen deprivation over the course of an hour, but beyond that, the baby “will start to show brain injury,” says Thomas.  

In some situations, there’s a complete lack of oxygen. For example, when “the placenta… detaches [from the uterine wall during childbirth], the baby doesn’t get any oxygen or nutrients since that’s all coming from the mom.”   

If the placenta completely detaches (known as placental abruption), “you really only have anywhere from fifteen to twenty minutes before harm to the baby’s brain starts to occur,” says Thomas. “Brain injury from lack of oxygen is a progressive process that occurs over time–the longer you are without oxygen, the worse the brain damage gets until it reaches the point of brain death.”

What Are the Elements of a Birth Injury Claim? 

Birth injury cases are a type of medical malpractice case. Medical malpractice claims are based on a theory of negligence. How does this type of claim work? There are four elements or requirements you must prove: 

• Duty of care. Health care professionals have a responsibility to provide appropriate medical care. 
• Breach. The doctor’s actions fell below the standard of care. They failed in their duty towards their patient. 
• Causation. The doctor’s breach of duty is what caused the injuries to the mother or baby during the delivery process. The doctor may argue that other factors beyond their control were to blame for the birth injuries. Against this, the claimant must prove that the birth injuries would not have occurred apart from the doctor’s negligent actions. In addition, the injuries the mother or baby suffered were a foreseeable result of the doctor’s negligent actions. For example, bone fractures are a foreseeable result of mishandling medical instruments such as forceps during delivery. 
• Damages. The claimant must show the doctor’s negligent actions actually harmed the mother or baby. A doctor could have acted negligently, but luckily the baby was not injured. In this case, there would be no injuries to be compensated for. Damages are the monetary compensation for the injuries the mother or child suffered.  

How Do You Establish the Standard of Care? 

In any birth injury case, you “first [must] show that there was a breach of the standard of care. But who sets the standard of care?” says Thomas.  

A medical expert, “based on their knowledge, training, and experience,” will establish “the doctors or nurses did not do what they were trained to do, or what is expected [of them as medical professionals]. They breached that standard, and because of that breach, the baby or mother was injured,” she says.  

For example, “there are certain things [doctors and nurses] must do when [problems such as] placental abruption or cord prolapse arise during childbirth, or else the baby will suffer permanent brain injuries,” says Thomas. 

Medical professionals are expected to know how to respond to these situations competently. If they do not, they have fallen below the standard of care. 

What Are the Elements of a Birth Defect Claim?  

If you are considering a medical malpractice claim for defects before the child’s birth, the elements are slightly different from a birth injury claim. For birth defects, you must show: 

• The mother used a drug or medication 
• The mother’s physician prescribed the drug 
• The drug is what caused the birth defects 
• Other factors didn’t cause the defects 

For help understanding if you have a birth injury or birth defect claim and how to prove your claim, speak with an experienced birth injury lawyer. 

What Type of Evidence is Used in Birth Injury Cases? 

The types of evidence you may need will ultimately depend on the specifics of your case. A lawyer will understand what is required to make the strongest case possible and will be able to compile the needed evidence.  

In general, however, the following are common types of evidence in medical malpractice and birth injury cases: 

• Medical records. Records are often essential to prove exactly what happened in a birth injury case. 
• Expert testimony. Medical expert witnesses can testify to the appropriate standard of medical care. 
• Witnesses. Obstetricians, anesthesiologists, nurses, or other health care professionals can testify to medical errors during the delivery process. 

Who Can Sue for a Child’s Birth Injuries? 

A baby cannot bring legal action on their own behalf. Most states, therefore, allow parents or guardians to bring a birth injury lawsuit on behalf of the child.  

A “court can also appoint a representative—sometimes called a ‘guardian ad litem’ or ‘conservator’ depending on the state—to pursue a case on behalf of the child,” says Thomas.  

“Sometimes, very sadly, there are no parents to care for the child—sometimes the mother dies in childbirth, and so there can be a court-appointed fiduciary to pursue the case in the child’s best interests,” she says.  

What Is Birth Injury Compensation? 

Birth injury compensation is the monetary compensation designed to make you financially whole following birth injuries. 

Birth injuries often result in significant medical bills and can involve lifelong medical treatment for impairments or disabilities. Compensation or “damages” are designed to give you the money you need meet these financial challenges. 

There are two types of damages in birth injury cases:  

• Economic  
• Non-economic 

“The economic cost is the one that is focused on the most,” says Thomas. “[It includes] anything that will require care and support, lost earnings, and medical expenses incurred because of the medical malpractice.” 

Non-economic damages, on the other hand, are “things we can’t quantify in the market,” says Thomas. They include “pain and suffering, disability, loss of life’s enjoyment, and loss of consortium,” she says.   

An important thing to note is that non-economic damages “are sometimes capped depending on what state you’re in.” However, “there’s never a cap on economic damages.” 

“You also may be able to get punitive damages depending on your state,” Thomas says. Punitive damages aim to punish the defendant for their actions. 

Questions for a Birth Injury Lawyer 

If you are considering a birth injury lawsuit, consider speaking with an experienced personal injury lawyer about your case. 

Many birth injury attorneys provide free consultations to learn about your case. These free case reviews allow you to get legal advice and decide if the attorney or law firm meets your needs. 

To get the most out of a consultation, ask informed questions such as: 

• What are your attorney’s fees? 
• Do I have a birth injury or birth defect claim? 
• What is the statute of limitations for filing a birth injury lawsuit in my state? 
• How likely is a settlement before going to trial? 

Once you have met with a birth injury lawyer and gotten your questions answered, you can begin an attorney-client relationship. 

Look for a birth injury lawyer in the Super Lawyers directory for help with your birth injury case.